Shahar, S. (1993) Fourth Estate- a history of women in the Middle Ages, Cambridge, UK: University Press, at page 279, in a chapter on witchcraft '...it was Eve who seduced Adam and brought about the Fall. Women are animated by jealousy and vindictiveness, as shown by the stories of Sarah and Hagar, Rachel and Leah, Hannah and Peninnah, Martha and Mary. Feminine jealousy was likewise the cause of the disagreement between Moses and Miriam. Through the malice of women kingdoms were destroyed: Troy through Helen; Judea through Jezebel and her daughter Athaliah; Rome through Cleopatra. How far a woman may go in envy and vengeance may be learned from the stories of Joseph and Potiphar's wife, and of Medea and Jason. she is a liar by nature, and her voice, like a song of the sirens, entices only to destroy. She is moved by pride (vanitas) which is expressed in worldly vanity. ...'